Effect of Broth & Co’s Beef Bone Broth on lower Gastrointestinal Disturbances: The Bone Broth Gut Study
Summary
Effect of Broth & Co’s Beef Bone Broth on lower Gastrointestinal Disturbances: The Bone Broth GutStudy
KEY Personnel
Chief Investigator: A/Prof Karin Ried, PhD, MSc, GDPH, Cert Integ Med, Director of Research, NIIM
Research Assistants: Nikolaj Travica, BSc(Hons)
Junior research assistant: Bianca Fiasco, Michelle Brownstein
ProfAvni Sali, Director NIIM
National Institute of Integrative Medicine (NIIM) 21 Burwood Rd, Hawthorn, VIC 3122 Australia Ph: 03 9912 9545 E: karinried@niim.com.au
Broth & Co
Nellie Procopiou brothandco@gmail.com
Effect of Broth & Co’s Beef Bone Broth on lower Gastrointestinal Disturbances: The Bone Broth GutStudy
The aim of the study was to assess the tolerability and efficacy of the Beef Bone Broth for gastrointestinal disturbances.
Study design included an interventional single-arm pre-post study of 12 weeks duration investigating the tolerability and effectiveness of the Broth & Co Beef Bone Broth on lower gastrointestinal disturbances in Australian adults.
Participants Inclusion criteria
- Adults with moderate gastrointestinal disturbances of the lower gastrointestinal
Sample size: n=30
Intervention/ Comparison
Month 1: 3-4 week run-in phase = control phase
Month 2+3: 2 x 5g Beef Bone Broth plain/ day (2x 1 tsp from 100g pouch) mixed in warm water, or mixed in a smoothie.
The Broth & Co Beef Bone Broth contains: 10g/day
|
Amino Acid Profile |
Glycine |
4.25 mg/g |
42.5 mg |
|
|
Glutamic Acid + Glutamine |
2.68 mg/g |
26.8 mg |
|
|
Proline Cystine + Cysteine |
2.38 mg/g 33 μg/g |
23.8 mg330 μg |
|
Minerals |
Calcium |
17 mg/kg |
0.17 mg |
|
|
Magnesium |
24 mg/kg |
0.24 mg |
|
|
Phosphorus |
120 mg/kg |
1.2 mg |
|
|
PotassiumSodium |
660 mg/kg 370 mg/kg |
6.6 mg 3.7 mg |
|
|
Sulfur |
140 mg/kg |
1.4 mg |
|
|
Silicon |
<10 mg/kg |
< 0.1 mg |
|
Proteins |
Glucosamine Hydrochloride |
<0.1 mg/mL |
<1 mg |
|
|
Chondroitin Sulphate Sodium |
0.50 mg/mL |
5 mg |
Time line included:
| Run-in-phase | Intervention mth-1| Intervention mth-2 |
| 4 weeks | 4 weeks | 4 weeks | visit-1 v2 v3 v4
0 4 8 12 wks timepoint month-1 month-2 month-3
Outcome measures
|
Primary(1), Secondar y (2) |
Outcome measures |
Sample |
Tests |
Equipment |
Lab/ location |
Time points |
|
2 |
BMI, medication (muscle relaxers), Exercise, Diet incl food triggers for symptoms |
In person |
Q |
Demographic & history questionnaire, Diet, Exercisequestionnaire Food triggers Other symptoms |
|
0, 4, 12 weeks |
|
2 |
All: Stool Q |
In person |
Questionnaires |
Bristol stool chart |
NIIM |
0,4,8,12 weeks |
|
1 |
Group 2: IBS-Q-Symptoms, IBS-QoL |
In person |
Questionnaires |
1. Birmingham IBS Symptoms Q, Roalfe 2008 3. IBS-QoL, Hahn 1997 |
NIIM |
0,4,8,12 weeks |
|
2 |
Pain |
In person |
Questionnaire |
VAS 10-point Likert scale, location, type of pain |
NIIM |
0,4,8,12 weeks |
|
1 |
Leaky gut /intestinalpermeability test |
urine |
Lactulose /Mannitol ratio |
Urine test kit |
Nutripath |
0, 12 weeks |
Small Intestinal permeability/ Leaky gut test:
The leaky gut urine test works on the principles of paracellular permeability or diffusion of different size sugar molecules through the gut lining in the small intestine (Mishra 2012).5 A high lactulose-to-mannitol ratio is indicative of increased small intestinal permeability or leaky gut, with lactulose being the larger disaccharide, and mannitol the smaller monosaccaride. The Lactulose-Mannitol test has a high sensitivity of 89%, specificity of 54%, and high negative predictive value of 95% (Johnston 2000, Juby 1989).6,7
Mannitol smaller than lactulose
The Intestinal Permeability test directly measures the ability of two-non metabolised sugar molecules, mannitol and lactulose, to permeate the intestinal mucosa. Lactulose is only slightly absorbed and serves as a marker for mucosal integrity. Mannitol is readily absorbed andserves as a marker for transcellular uptake.
Low levels of mannitol and lactulose indicates malabsorption. Elevated levels of mannitol and lactulose are indicative of general increased permeability and “leaky gut”. Permeability to mannitol may decrease, which is indicative to malabsorption of small molecules.
L/M ratio
This explanation implies that healthy guts will absorb less L and more M, and that an inverse relationship between L and M exists.
Summary:
1. The Bone Broth significantly improved the severity (score) of symptoms after 8 weeks, including constipation, diarrhoea, urgency, flatulence, and abdominal pain, overall score (p<0.0001).
2. The Bone Broth significantly improved symptoms associated Quality of Life, including emotional and mental health and wellbeing, sleep, energy, physical functioning, diet and social interactions (total score: p<0.001).
3. The Bone Broth significantly improved upper GI symptoms, including indigestion,heartburn, regurgitation, and nausea (Leeds score, p<0.001).
4. The Bone Broth improved stool consistency towards the ideal type 4 (yellow), from harder (orange/ red) and softer stool types (green/blue).
5. Participants with hard/constipation-like stools significantly improved (p<0.004), as well as participants with loose/diarrhea-like stool types (p<0.015).
6. The Bone Broth significantly improved stool frequency and regularity towards the ideal 1-2 times per
7. Participants demonstrated a significant reduction in upper abdominal, lower abdominal and other pain following the 8-week supplementation with Bone Broth.
8. The Bone Broth significantly improved intestinal permeability, including Lactulose Recovery by 33% (p=0.023), and Mannitol Recovery by 33% (p=0.006), in those with elevated levels at baseline. The Lactulose/Mannitol Ratio improved by 25% in a small group (n=5).
Summary for all 28 participants
At commencement of study 25 participants had one or more food triggers
FODMAP: There was an overall improvement in symptom severity for one or more FODMAP triggers for 83% of participants
Wheat/gluten: 36% of participants who had this food trigger improved during the study
Acidic/Spicy foods: 36% of participants with this trigger improved
Dairy: 27% of participants had improve tolerance of dairy products
Fatty Foods: 27% of participants with this food trigger improved
Alcohol: 36% of participants with this food trigger improved
Intestinal Permeability – Leaky Gut Report - Mannitol Lactulose Test and how it works.
The permeation of water-soluble molecules through the intestinal mucosa can occur either though cells (transcellular uptake) or between cells (paracellular uptake). Small molecules (e.g. mannitol) readily penetrate cell and passively diffuse through them. Larger molecules such as disaccharides (e.g. lactulose) are normally excluded by cells. The rate limiting barrier in this case is the “tight junction” between cells. Thus, tight junctions help maintain epithelial integrity.
The Intestinal Permeability test directly measures the ability of two-non metabolised sugar molecules, mannitol and lactulose, to permeate the intestinal mucosa. Lactulose is only slightly absorbed and serves as a marker for mucosal integrity. Mannitol is readily absorbed and serves as a marker for transcellular uptake.
Low levels of mannitol and lactulose indicates malabsorption. Elevated levels of mannitol and lactulose are indicative of general increased permeability and “leaky gut”. Permeability to mannitol maydecrease, which is indicative to malabsorption of small molecules.
The lactulose/mannitol is a useful parameter. An elevated ratio indicates that the effective pore size of the gut mucosa has increased, allowing access to the body of larger, possibly antigenic molecules.
The Broth & Co Bone Broth significantly improved intestinal permeability, including
Lactulose Recovery by 33% (p=0.023), and Mannitol Recovery by 33% (p=0.006), in those with elevated levels at baseline.
The Lactulose/Mannitol Ratio improved by 25% in a small group (n=5)